BGP—Origin AS Validation

The BGP—Origin AS Validation feature helps prevent network administrators from inadvertently advertising routes to networks they do not control. This feature uses a Resource Public Key Infrastructure (RPKI) server to authenticate that certain BGP prefixes originated from an expected autonomous system before the prefixes are allowed to be advertised.

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Information About BGP Origin AS Validation

Benefit of BGP—Origin AS Validation

Occasionally network administrators have unintentionally advertised routes to networks that they do not control. This security issue can be avoided by configuring the BGP—Origin AS Validation feature. This feature uses an RPKI server to authenticate certain BGP prefixes as having originated from an expected autonomous system before prefixes are accepted.

How BGP—Origin AS Validation Works

The network administrator must set up a Resource Public Key Infrastructure (RPKI) server, using third-party software. The RPKI server handles the actual authentication of public key certificates. The server is set up so that certain prefixes or prefix ranges are allowed to originate from certain autonomous systems.

The administrator then configures the router to establish a TCP connection to the RPKI server. This is done by configuring the bgp rpki server command. Upon such configuration or booting the router, the router opens a TCP connection to the indicated IP address and port number. The router downloads a list of prefixes and permitted origin AS numbers from one or more router/RPKI servers using the RPKI-Router protocol (RTR). Thus, the router obtains information from the server about which autonomous systems are permitted to advertise which routes, that is, from which AS a route may originate.

If the TCP connection attempt fails, the router retries the connection once per minute. In the meantime, BGP will behave without performing origin validation.

After the TCP session between the router and the server is established, the server will normally send to the router incremental updates with new prefixes that have been added to the RPKI database. The router might also query the server every refresh interval. The router will not send a serial query message or reset query message during the interval between when it sends a serial query or reset query and when it receives an End of Data (EOD) message. Serial queries in this interval are stripped, and reset queries in this interval are sent upon receipt of the EOD message.

A prefix or prefix range and the origin-AS corresponding to it are considered an SOVC record. Overlapping prefix ranges are allowed. An SOVC table containing three records might look like this:

10.0.1.0/20-25 AS 3

10.0.1.0/19-24 AS 4

10.0.1.0/23-27 AS 5

When a prefix (network) is received from an external BGP (eBGP) peer, the prefix is initially placed in the Not Found state. It is then examined and marked as Valid, Invalid, or Not Found:

  • Valid—Indicates the prefix and AS pair are found in the SOVC table.

  • Invalid—Indicates the prefix meets either of the following two conditions: 1. It matches one or more Route Origin Authorizations (ROAs), but there is no matching ROA where the origin AS matches the origin AS on the AS-PATH. 2. It matches the one or more ROAs at the minimum-length specified in the ROA, but for all ROAs where it matches the minimum length, it is longer than the specified maximum length. Origin AS does not matter for condition #2.

  • Not Found—Indicates the prefix is not among the valid or invalid prefixes.

By default, a prefix that is marked Invalid is not advertised to any peer, will be withdrawn from the BGP routing table if it was already advertised, and will not be flagged as a bestpath or considered as a candidate for multipath (unless a BGP bestpath command indicates otherwise). Unless a BGP bestpath command is configured indicating otherwise, the bestpath computation prefers Valid prefixes over Not Found prefixes, and both types of prefixes are advertised.

A prefix marked as Valid is installed in the BGP routing table.

By default, a prefix marked as Not Found is installed in the BGP routing table and will only be flagged as a bestpath or considered as a candidate for multipath if there is no Valid alternative (independently of other BGP attributes such as Local Preference or ASPATH).

If more than one RPKI server is configured, the router will connect to all configured servers and download prefix information from all of them. The SOVC table will be made of the union of all the records received from the different servers.

Once the bgp rpki server command (or the neighbor announce rpki state command) is configured for an address family, the router starts doing RPKI validation for every path in that address family.

Use of the Validation State in BGP Best Path Determination

There are two ways you can modify the default BGP best path selection process when using RPKI validation states:

  • You can completely disable the validation of prefixes by the RPKI server and the storage of that validation information. This is done by configuring the bgp bestpath prefix-validate disable command. You might want to do this for configuration testing. The router will still connect to the RPKI server and download the validation information, but will not use the information.

  • You can allow an invalid prefix to be used as the BGP best path, even if valid prefixes are available. This is the default behavior. The command to allow a BGP best path to be an invalid prefix, as determined by the BGP Origin AS Validation feature, is the bgp bestpath prefix-validate allow-invalid command. The prefix validation state will still be assigned to paths, and will still be communicated to iBGP neighbors that have been configured to receive RPKI state information. You can use a route map to set a local preference, metric, or other property based on the validation state.

During BGP best path selection, the default behavior, if neither of the above options is configured, is that the system will prefer prefixes in the following order:

  • Those with a validation state of valid.

  • Those with a validation state of not found.

  • Those with a validation state of invalid (which, by default, will not be installed in the routing table).

These preferences override metric, local preference, and other choices made during the bestpath computation. The standard bestpath decision tree applies only if the validation state of the two paths is the same.

If both commands are configured, the bgp bestpath prefix-validate disable command will prevent the validation state from being assigned to paths, so the bgp bestpath prefix-validate allow-invalid command will have no effect.

These configurations can be in either router configuration mode or in address family configuration mode for the IPv4 unicast or IPv6 unicast address families.

Use of a Route Map to Customize Treatment of Valid and Invalid Prefixes

You can create a route map to match on any of the RPKI states, and thereby create a custom policy for handling valid or invalid prefixes.

By default, the router overrides all other preferences to reject routes that are in an invalid state. You must explicitly configure the bgp bestpath prefix-validate allow-invalid command if you want to use a route map to do something such as permit such prefixes, but with a nondefault local preference.

How to Configure BGP Origin AS Validation

Enabling BGP—Origin AS Validation

SUMMARY STEPS

    1.    enable

    2.    configure terminal

    3.    router bgp autonomous-system-number

    4.    bgp rpki server tcp {ipv4-address | ipv6-address} port port-number refresh seconds


DETAILED STEPS
     Command or ActionPurpose
    Step 1 enable


    Example:
    Device> enable
     

    Enables privileged EXEC mode.

    • Enter your password if prompted.

     
    Step 2 configure terminal


    Example:
    Device# configure terminal
     

    Enters global configuration mode.

     
    Step 3 router bgp autonomous-system-number


    Example:
    Device(config)# router bgp 65000
     

    Enters router configuration mode for the specified routing process.

     
    Step 4 bgp rpki server tcp {ipv4-address | ipv6-address} port port-number refresh seconds


    Example:
    Device(config-router)# bgp rpki server tcp 192.168.2.2 port 1029 refresh 600
     

    Configures the router to connect to the specified RPKI server and download prefix information at intervals specified by the refresh seconds keyword and argument.

     

    Announcing the RPKI State to iBGP Neighbors

    Perform this task to cause the router to announce the RPKI state with routes to its iBGP neighbors in the BGP extended community attribute and to also receive the RPKI state with routes from iBGP neighbors. This task might be more convenient than configuring the BGP—Origin AS Validation feature on the router.

    SUMMARY STEPS

      1.    enable

      2.    configure terminal

      3.    router bgp autonomous-system-number

      4.    neighbor {ip-address | ipv6-address} send-community extended

      5.    neighbor {ip-address | ipv6-address} announce rpki state


    DETAILED STEPS
       Command or ActionPurpose
      Step 1 enable


      Example:
      Device> enable
       

      Enables privileged EXEC mode.

      • Enter your password if prompted.

       
      Step 2 configure terminal


      Example:
      Device# configure terminal
       

      Enters global configuration mode.

       
      Step 3 router bgp autonomous-system-number


      Example:
      Device(config)# router bgp 65000
       

      Enters router configuration mode for the specified routing process.

       
      Step 4 neighbor {ip-address | ipv6-address} send-community extended


      Example:
      Device(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.2 send-community extended
       

      Specifies that a communities attribute should be sent to a BGP neighbor.

       
      Step 5 neighbor {ip-address | ipv6-address} announce rpki state


      Example:
      Device(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.2 announce rpki state
       

      Causes the router to send and receive the RPKI state to and from its iBGP neighbor in the BGP extended community attribute.

       

      Disabling the Validation of BGP Prefixes, But Still Downloading RPKI Information

      Perform this task if the BGP—Origin AS Validation feature is enabled, but you want to disable the validation of prefixes based on origin AS and disable the storage of validation information. The router will still connect to the RPKI server and still download the validation information, but the information will not be used in any way. This task is useful for configuration testing.

      SUMMARY STEPS

        1.    enable

        2.    configure terminal

        3.    router bgp autonomous-system-number

        4.    address-family {ipv4 | ipv6} unicast

        5.    bgp bestpath prefix-validate disable


      DETAILED STEPS
         Command or ActionPurpose
        Step 1 enable


        Example:
        Device> enable
         

        Enables privileged EXEC mode.

        • Enter your password if prompted.

         
        Step 2 configure terminal


        Example:
        Device# configure terminal
         

        Enters global configuration mode.

         
        Step 3 router bgp autonomous-system-number


        Example:
        Device(config)# router bgp 45000
         

        Enters router configuration mode for the specified routing process.

         
        Step 4 address-family {ipv4 | ipv6} unicast


        Example:
        Device(config-router)# address-family ipv4 unicast
         

        Enters address family configuration mode to configure BGP peers to accept address-family-specific configurations.

         
        Step 5bgp bestpath prefix-validate disable


        Example:
        Device(config-router-af)# bgp bestpath prefix-validate disable
         

        Disables the validation of prefixes and the storage of validation information.

         

        Allowing Invalid Prefixes as the Best Path

        Perform this task if the BGP—Origin AS Validation feature is enabled, and you want to allow invalid prefixes to be used as the best path, even if valid prefixes are available. Thus, you have control over announcing invalid networks, but preferring them less than valid and not-found prefixes. Also, the downstream peer can modify path attributes based on a route map that matches invalid prefixes.

        SUMMARY STEPS

          1.    enable

          2.    configure terminal

          3.    router bgp autonomous-system-number

          4.    address-family {ipv4 | ipv6} unicast

          5.    bgp bestpath prefix-validate allow-invalid


        DETAILED STEPS
           Command or ActionPurpose
          Step 1 enable


          Example:
          Device> enable
           

          Enables privileged EXEC mode.

          • Enter your password if prompted.

           
          Step 2 configure terminal


          Example:
          Device# configure terminal
           

          Enters global configuration mode.

           
          Step 3 router bgp autonomous-system-number


          Example:
          Device(config)# router bgp 45000
           

          Enters router configuration mode for the specified routing process.

           
          Step 4 address-family {ipv4 | ipv6} unicast


          Example:
          Device(config-router)# address-family ipv4 unicast
           

          Enters address family configuration mode to configure BGP peers to accept address-family-specific configurations.

           
          Step 5bgp bestpath prefix-validate allow-invalid


          Example:
          Device(config-router-af)# bgp bestpath prefix-validate allow-invalid
           

          Allows invalid prefixes to be used as the best path, even if valid prefixes are available.

           

          Configuring a Route Map Based on RPKI States

          Perform this task to create a route map based on RPKI states. The route map in this particular task sets a policy for all three RPKI states based on local preference, but other set commands can be used to set a policy. This task does not include a command that makes use of this route map.

          SUMMARY STEPS

            1.    enable

            2.    configure terminal

            3.    router bgp autonomous-system-number

            4.    address-family {ipv4 | ipv6} unicast

            5.    bgp bestpath prefix-validate allow-invalid

            6.    exit

            7.    exit

            8.    route-map map-tag {permit | deny} [sequence-number]

            9.    match rpki {not-found | invalid | valid}

            10.    set local-preference number

            11.    exit

            12.    route-map map-tag {permit | deny} [sequence-number]

            13.    match rpki {not-found | invalid | valid}

            14.    set local-preference number

            15.    exit

            16.    route-map map-tag {permit | deny} [sequence-number]

            17.    match rpki {not-found | invalid | valid}

            18.    set local-preference number

            19.    exit

            20.    route-map map-tag {permit | deny} [sequence-number]

            21.    end


          DETAILED STEPS
             Command or ActionPurpose
            Step 1 enable


            Example:
            Device> enable
             

            Enables privileged EXEC mode.

            • Enter your password if prompted.

             
            Step 2 configure terminal


            Example:
            Device# configure terminal
             

            Enters global configuration mode.

             
            Step 3 router bgp autonomous-system-number


            Example:
            Device(config)# router bgp 45000
             

            Enters router configuration mode for the specified routing process.

             
            Step 4 address-family {ipv4 | ipv6} unicast


            Example:
            Device(config-router)# address-family ipv4 unicast
             

            Enters address family configuration mode to configure BGP peers to accept address-family-specific configurations.

             
            Step 5bgp bestpath prefix-validate allow-invalid


            Example:
            Device(config-router-af)# bgp bestpath prefix-validate allow-invalid
             

            Allows invalid prefixes to be used as the best path, even if valid prefixes are available.

            • This command is necessary to allow invalid prefixes, which are part of the example route map in Step 16.

             
            Step 6 exit


            Example:
            Device(config-router-af)# exit
             

            Exits a configuration mode to the next highest mode in the CLI mode hierarchy.

             
            Step 7 exit


            Example:
            Device(config-router)# exit
             

            Exits a configuration mode to the next highest mode in the CLI mode hierarchy.

             
            Step 8 route-map map-tag {permit | deny} [sequence-number]


            Example:
            Device(config)# route-map ROUTE-MAP-NAME-1 permit 10
             

            Enters route map configuration mode and creates a route map that will permit routes that are allowed by the match clauses that follow.

             
            Step 9 match rpki {not-found | invalid | valid}


            Example:
            Device(config-route-map)# match rpki valid
             

            Creates a match clause to permit prefixes with the specified RPKI state.

            • This example matches on the RPKI state of valid.

             
            Step 10 set local-preference number


            Example:
            Device(config-route-map)# set local-preference 200
             

            Creates a set clause to set matched prefixes to a local preference of 200.

             
            Step 11 exit


            Example:
            Device(config-route-map)# exit
             

            Exits a configuration mode to the next highest mode in the CLI mode hierarchy.

             
            Step 12 route-map map-tag {permit | deny} [sequence-number]


            Example:
            Device(config)# route-map ROUTE-MAP-NAME-1 permit 20
             

            Continues in the same route map, but a later sequence number, and enters route map configuration mode.

             
            Step 13 match rpki {not-found | invalid | valid}


            Example:
            Device(config-route-map)# match rpki not-found
             

            Creates a match clause to permit prefixes with the specified RPKI state.

            • This example matches on the RPKI state of not found.

             
            Step 14 set local-preference number


            Example:
            Device(config-route-map)# set local-preference 100
             

            Sets the local preference of prefixes with the RPKI state of not found to 100.

             
            Step 15 exit


            Example:
            Device(config-route-map)# exit
             

            Exits a configuration mode to the next highest mode in the CLI mode hierarchy.

             
            Step 16 route-map map-tag {permit | deny} [sequence-number]


            Example:
            Device(config)# route-map ROUTE-MAP-NAME-1 permit 30
             

            Continues in the same route map, but a later sequence number, and enters route map configuration mode.

             
            Step 17 match rpki {not-found | invalid | valid}


            Example:
            Device(config-route-map)# match rpki invalid
             

            Creates a match clause to permit prefixes with the specified RPKI state.

            • This example matches on the RPKI state of invalid.

             
            Step 18 set local-preference number


            Example:
            Device(config-route-map)# set local-preference 50
             

            Sets the local preference of prefixes with the RPKI state of invalid to 50.

             
            Step 19 exit


            Example:
            Device(config-route-map)# exit
             

            Exits a configuration mode to the next highest mode in the CLI mode hierarchy.

             
            Step 20 route-map map-tag {permit | deny} [sequence-number]


            Example:
            Device(config)# route-map ROUTE-MAP-NAME-1 permit 40
             

            Continues in the same route map, but a later sequence number, and enters route map configuration mode.

            • This example permits other routes rather than deny all other routes.

             
            Step 21 end


            Example:
            Device(config-route-map)# end
             

            Exits route map configuration mode and enters privileged EXEC mode.

             

            Configuration Examples for BGP Origin AS Validation

            Example: Configuring BGP to Validate Prefixes Based on Origin AS

            In the following example, the router is configured to connect to two RPKI servers, from which it will receive SOVC records of BGP prefixes and AS numbers. 

            router bgp 65000
 no bgp log-neighbor changes
 bgp rpki server tcp 10.0.96.254 port 32001 refresh 600
 bgp rpki server tcp FEC0::1002 port 32002 refresh 600

            Example: Announcing RPKI State to Neighbors

            router bgp 65000
 neighbor 10.10.10.10 remote-as 65000
 address-family ipv4 unicast
 neighbor 10.10.10.10 send-community extended
 neighbor 10.10.10.10 announce rpki state

            Example: Disabling the Checking of Prefixes

            The following example, for the IPv4 address family, disables the checking of prefixes to ensure they are valid. It also disables the storage of validation information. However, the router will still connect to the RPKI server and download the validation information. This example is useful for configuration testing. 

            router bgp 65000
 bgp rpki server tcp 10.0.96.254 port 32001 refresh 600 
 address-family ipv4 unicast
 bgp bestpath prefix-validate disable

            Example: Allowing Invalid Prefixes as Best Path

            In the following example, for the IPv6 address family, invalid prefixes are allowed to be used as the best path, even if valid prefixes are available. 

             router bgp 65000 
  bgp rpki server tcp FEC0::1002 port 32002 refresh 600
  address-family ipv6 unicast
  bgp bestpath prefix-validate allow-invalid

            Example: Using a Route Map Based on RPKI State

            In the following example, a route map named rtmap-PEX1-3 sets a local preference of 50 for invalid prefix/AS pairs, 100 for not-found prefix/AS pairs, and 200 for valid prefix/AS pairs. The local preference values are set for incoming routes from the neighbor at 10.0.102.1. The neighbor at 10.0.102.1 is an eBGP peer. Note that the bgp bestpath prefix-validate allow-invalid command is required in order to permit invalid prefixes. 

            router bgp 65000
 address-family ipv4 unicast
 neighbor 10.0.102.1 route-map rtmap-PEX1-3 in
 bgp bestpath prefix-validate allow-invalid
!
route-map rtmap-PEX1-3 permit 10
 match rpki invalid
 set local-preference 50
!
route-map rtmap-PEX1-3 permit 20
 match rpki not-found
 set local-preference 100
!
route-map rtmap-PEX1-3 permit 30
 match rpki valid
 set local-preference 200
!
route-map rtmap-PEX1-3 permit 40

            Additional References

            Related Documents

            Related Topic

            Document Title

            Cisco IOS commands

            Cisco IOS Master Commands List, All Releases

            BGP commands

            Cisco IOS IP Routing: BGP Command Reference

            Technical Assistance

            Description

            Link

            The Cisco Support and Documentation website provides online resources to download documentation, software, and tools. Use these resources to install and configure the software and to troubleshoot and resolve technical issues with Cisco products and technologies. Access to most tools on the Cisco Support and Documentation website requires a Cisco.com user ID and password.

            http:/​/​www.cisco.com/​cisco/​web/​support/​index.html

            Feature Information for BGP - Origin AS Validation

            The following table provides release information about the feature or features described in this module. This table lists only the software release that introduced support for a given feature in a given software release train. Unless noted otherwise, subsequent releases of that software release train also support that feature.

            Use Cisco Feature Navigator to find information about platform support and Cisco software image support. To access Cisco Feature Navigator, go to www.cisco.com/​go/​cfn. An account on Cisco.com is not required.
            Table 1 Feature Information for BGP - Origin AS Validation

            Feature Name

            Releases

            Feature Information

            BGP - Origin AS Validation

            Cisco IOS 15.2(1)S

            15.2(4)S

            This feature allows the router to connect to an RPKI server and download a list of prefixes and permitted origin AS numbers.

            The following commands were introduced: bgp bestpath prefix-validate, bgp rpki server, clear ip bgp rpki server, debug ip bgp event rpki, match rpki, neighbor announce rpki state, show ip bgp rpki servers, show ip bgp rpki table.

            The following commands were modified: show ip bgp, show ip bgp ipv4, show ip bgp ipv6 unicast, show ip bgp summary.